Andy's World Automobile Industry

What has Porsche got to do with Suzuki? Chrysler with Ferrari? Jaguar with Tata?

Consolidation of the global automobile industry is moving forward at a breathtaking pace. In 2011, the top ten groups

General Motors (annual production 9.1 mio. vehicles)
Volkswagen (8.2 mio.)
Toyota (8.1 mio.)
Renault-Nissan (7.4 mio.)
Hyundai-Kia (6.6 mio.)
Ford (4.9 mio.)
Fiat-Chrysler (4.4 mio.)
Peugeot-Citroën (3.6 mio.)
Honda (2.9 mio.)
Suzuki-Maruti (2.7 mio.)

accounted for almost three quarters of the world-wide production of 78.8 mio. vehicles. Even more impressive, the top 5 players alone made up for half of the global market.

But this is only one part of the story. An ever increasing number of vehicles with well-known brand names are actually manufactured by joint ventures or as license productions in China, India, and other newly industrialized countries. For example, production of SAIC and its joint ventures reached 3.6 mio. vehicles, which would easily place it in the global top ten.

Over the last decades, we have seen a large number of mergers and acquisitions in the US, Europe, Japan, and more recently, Korea. It does not need much prophecy to expect the same especially among the dozens of Chinese manufacturers. Very likely, strong local brands such as Geely or Tata will eventually become visible in other parts of the world. And, believe it or not, SAIC has started to buy GM ...

The increasingly complex structure of the industry is illustrated on this page.

This page is also available in German.

Layout

The structure of an independent company is shown as follows:

independent company
brands, divisions, controlled companies	other interests

This general layout may also be cascaded. The predominant kind of product is indicated using different colors:

cars, including sport utility vehicles (SUV)
light and heavy trucks
buses and coaches
motorcycles
engines and other components; non-automotive activities
contract manufacturer or small series producer

Major overseas subsidiaries with a substantial local manufacturing capacity (usually at least 100000 units) are also included. Joint ventures are indicated by lighter colors.

Whereever available, the better known brand names are used instead of the official company names. This leads to some important simplifications: For example, no distinction is made between the "Ford Motor Company" and its "Ford" division (this is only a matter of internal organization, anyway). Names not appearing on vehicle badges, such as Daimler or GM, are set in italics. Companies are listed in alphabetical order. Click on names to go to the respective company web pages.

Details given for a company may include location of its headquarter, shares held by its parent company, production in thousands for 2010, and a list of selected production sites (in brackets). Vehicles are counted according to the brand name used, so a Toyota made by TPCA in Czechia is counted as a Toyota, and a Volkswagen made by Shanghai Volkswagen is counted as a Volkswagen. For states and provinces, the official abbreviations are used.

Companies

Aixam Aix-les-Bains, France est. in 1983

AMW Mumbai, MH, India est. in 2005

Ankai Hefei, AH, China est. in 1997

Arash Newmarket, England est. in 1999

Ashok Leyland Chennai, TN, India 91
Avia Prague, Czechia acquired in 2006

Aston Martin Gaydon, Warwickshire, England est. in 1913

Avtotor Kaliningrad, Russia
BMW assembly	GM assembly	Kia assembly

Beijing Automotive Group (BAIC, Beiqi) Beijing, China 690 (not including Daimler, Hyundai)
Beijing Automobile Works (BAW) Beijing, China	BAIC Motor Beijing, China		Foton Beijing, China est. in 1996
	Beijing Benz Beijing, China 51% est. in 1984	Beijing Hyundai Beijing, China

Bertone Turin, Italy

Bitter Ennepetal, Germany est. in 1971

BMC Izmir, Turkey est. in 1964

BMW Munich, Germany 1738 (Dingolfing, Leipzig, Munich, Regensburg)
BMW Spartanburg, SC, USA	BMW Berlin, Germany	Mini Cowley, England acquired in 1994	Rolls-Royce Goodwood, England acquired in 1998/2003	Brilliance BMW Shenyang, LN, China
	Husqvarna Varese, Italy			Zinoro brand

Bosch Stuttgart, Germany

BredaMenarinibus Bologna, Italy

Brilliance Shenyang, LN, China 456 (not including BMW)
Brilliance BMW Shenyang, LN, China	Jinbei Shenyang, LN, China	Zhonghua Shenyang, LN, China
Zinoro brand est. in 2013

Bristol London, England (Filton) est. in 1946

Build Your Dream (BYD) Shenzhen, GD, China 450 est. in 2003
Denza Shenzhen, GD, China est. in 2012

Caterham Caterham, England

Changan Chongqing, China 682 (not including Ford, Suzuki)
Changan Ford Chongqing, China 50%	Changan Suzuki Chongqing, China 51%

Changhe Jingdezhen, JX, China
Changhe Suzuki Jingdezhen, JX, China

Chery Wuhu, AH, China 637 est. in 1997
Riich (Ruiqi) brand est. in 2010	Rely (Weilin) brand est. in 2010	Qoros Shanghai, China 50% est. in 2007

China Motor xxx, Taiwan
	Fujian Benz Fuzhou, FJ, China	Soueast Fuzhou, FJ, China 25%

Daewoo Bus Busan, Korea est. in 1955
Guilin Daewoo Guilin, China est. in 1994

Daimler Stuttgart, Germany 1528
Freightliner Portland, OR, USA acquired in 1981		FUSO Kawasaki, Japan 85% acquired in 2003-2005	Mercedes-Benz brand (Bremen, Düsseldorf, Gaggenau, Ludwigsfelde, Mannheim, Rastatt, Sindelfingen, Ulm, Untertürkheim, Wörth)						Setra Ulm, Germany	Smart brand (Hambach, France)	BAIC Motor Beijing, China 12% acquired in 2013	Denza Shenzhen, GD, China est. in 2012	Fujian Benz Fuzhou, FJ, China 50% est. in 2007	KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny, Russia 10% acquired in 2008	MTU Friedrichshafen, Germany 22.3% acquired in 2008	Nissan Yokohama, Japan 3.1% acquired in 2010	Renault Boulogne-Billancourt, France 3.1% acquired in 2010	Tesla San Carlos, CA, USA 10% acquired in 2009
Thomas Built Buses High Point, NC, USA acquired in 1998	Western Star Kelowna, BC, Canada acquired in 2000		AMG Affalterbach, Germany	BharatBenz Oragadam, TN, India opened in 2012	Mercedes-Benz East London, South Africa	Mercedes-Benz Vitoria, Spain	Mercedes-Benz Tuscaloosa, AL, USA	Beijing Benz Beijing, China 49% est. in 1984

David Brown Coventry, England launched in 2014

Dongfeng Wuhan, HB, China 1095
Dongfeng Honda xxx, China 50%	Dongfeng Nissan xxx, China 50%	Dongfeng Yueda Kia xxx, China 50%	DPCA Wuhan, HB, China est. in 1992	Peugeot Paris, France 14% acquired in 2014

Donkervoort Lelystad, The Netherlands est. in 1978

Eicher New Delhi, India est. in 1982
Royal Enfield Chennai, TN, India est. in 1955	VECV Gurgaon, HR, India 50%

Equus Rochester Hills, MI, USA opened in 2013

Eterniti London, England

FIAT Turin, Italy 2400 (not including Chrysler)
Abarth xxx, Italy est. in 1949 acquired in 1971	Alfa Romeo Milano, Italy acquired in 1986	Chrysler Auburn Hills, MI, USA 100% acquired 2009-2014 2005 (Belvidere, IL, Detroit, MI, Sterling Heights, MI, Toledo, OH, Warren, MI)					Ferrari Maranello, Italy 85% acquired since 1969	FIAT Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil	FIAT Tychy, Poland	Lancia Turin, Italy acquired in 1969	IVECO xxx, Italy est. in 1975				Magneti Marelli Corbetta, Italy	Maserati Modena, Italy acquired in 1993	SEVEL Atessa, Italy	SEVEL Nord Valenciennes, France	TOFAS Bursa, Turkey 50% est. in 1968	GAC FIAT Changsha, HN, China to be opened in 2012
		Chrysler Windsor, ON, Canada	Chrysler Toluca, Mexico	Dodge est. in 1914, acquired in 1928	Jeep	Ram					Heuliez xxx, France	Karosa Vysoke Myto, Czechia	Orlandi	Naveco Nanjing, JS, China

First Automobile Works (FAW) Changchun, JL, China 621 (not including Mazda, Toyota, Volkswagen)
FAW-Mazda Changchun, JL, China	FAW-Volkswagen Changchun, JL, China 60% est. in 1991	Haima Haikou, HI, China	Tianjin Toyota Tianjin, China 50% est. in 2000

Force Pune, MH, India

Ford Dearborn, MI, USA 4873 (Avon Lake, OH, Chicago, IL, Claycomo, MO, Louisville, KY, Wayne, MI)
Auto Alliance Rayong, Thailand 50%	Ford Genk, Belgium	Ford xxx, Brazil	Ford xxx, Canada	Ford Cologne, Germany (Cologne, Saarlouis)	Ford xxx, Mexico (Hermosillo, Cuautitlán)	Ford Valencia, Spain	Ford	Ford Lio Ho xxx, Taiwan 70%	Lincoln	Changan Ford Chongqing, China 50%	Jiangling Nanchang, JX, China 30%	Visteon Van Buren Township, MI, USA est. in 1997

Fujian Fuzhou, FJ, China est. in 1992
Fujian Benz Fuzhou, FJ, China	Soueast Fuzhou, FJ, China est. in 1995	King Long Xiamen, China 13%

GAC Guangzhou, GD, China
GAC Changfeng Changsha, HN, China	GAC FIAT Changsha, HN, China to be opened in 2012	Gonow Taizhou, ZJ, China 51%	Guangqi Honda Guangzhou, GD, China 50%	GAC Mitsubishi Guangzhou, GD, China 50% est. in 2012	GAC Toyota Guangzhou, GD, China opened in 2006

GAZ Nishny Novgorod, Russia 121

Geely Linhai, ZJ, China 903 est. in 1997
Emgrand brand est. in 2009	Gleagle brand est. in 2009	Shanghai Englon brand est. in 2009	Volvo Gothenburg, Sweden est. in 1927 acquired in 2010 (Torslanda)
			Volvo Gent, Belgium

General Motors (GM) Detroit, MI, USA 9146 (Arlington, TX, Bowling Green, KY, Delta Township, MI, Flint, MI, Hamtramck, MI, Lansing, MI, Lordstown, OH, Orion Township, MI, Roanoke, IN, Tarrytown, NY, Wentzville, MO)
Buick division	Cadillac division	Chevrolet division	GM Korea (ex Daewoo) Incheon, Korea 70.1% (Changwon, Incheon, Kunsan)	GM xxx, Brazil	GM Oshawa, ON, Canada	GM Ramos Arizpe, Mexico	GMC division	Holden Melbourne, Australia	Opel Rüsselsheim, Germany acquired in 1929 (Bochum, Eisenach, Kaiserslautern, Rüsselsheim)		Vauxhall Luton, England acquired in 1924	GM-Avtovaz Togliatti, Russia 42% est. in 2001	Shanghai General Motors Shanghai, China 49%	GM Uzbekistan Asaka, Uzbekistan 25%	Wuling Liuzhou, GX, China 34%
									Opel Gliwice, Poland	Opel Zagagoza, Spain

Ginaf Veenendaal, The Netherlands

Great Wall Baoding, HE, China 487 est. in 1984
Great Wall Bahovitsa, Bulgaria opened in 2012

Gumpert Altenburg, Germany

Hafei Harbin, HL, China est. in 1994

Hindustan Kolkata, WB, India (Uttarpara, Tiruvallur, Pithampur)

Honda Tokyo, Japan 2909 (Hamamatsu, Sayama, Suzuka)
Acura brand	Honda Swindon, England	Honda xxx, Taiwan	Honda Marysville, OH, USA opened in 1979	Honda Lincoln, AL, USA opened in 2001	Honda	Dongfeng Honda xxx, China 50%	Guangqi Honda Guangzhou, GD, China 50%

Hyundai Seoul, Korea 6617 (Asan, Chonju, Ulsan) est. in 1967
HMMA Montgomery, AL, USA opened in 2005	Hyundai Nošovice, Czechia opened in 2008	Hyundai Chennai, TN, India est. in 1996	Hyundai Assan Otomotiv Istanbul, Turkey opened in 1997	Kia Seoul, Korea 51% acquired in 1998 (Hwasung, Kwangju, Sohari) est. in 1944			Beijing Hyundai Beijing, China
				Kia Zilina, Slovakia opened in 2006	KMMG West Point, GA, USA opened in 2009	Dongfeng Yueda Kia xxx, China 50%

Navistar Chicago, IL, USA 89
IC Bus USA	International USA

International Application Technology (IAT) xxx, China

Invicta xxx, England re-est. in 2004

Iran Khodro Tehran, Iran 235
Hyundai license production	Mercedes-Benz license production	Peugeot license production

Irizar Ormaiztegi, Spain

Isuzu Tokyo, Japan 481

JAC (Anhui Jianghuai) Hefei, AH, China 479 est. in 1964

Jiangling (JMC) Nanchang, JX, China 178 opened in 1997
Landwind brand

KAMAZ Naberezhnye Chelny, Tatarstan, Russia est. in 1969

King Long Xiamen, China est. in 1988
Higer Jiangsu, China est. in 1998

Koenigsegg Ängelholm, Sweden est. in 1993

Lada Togliatti, Russia 636
	GM-Avtovaz Togliatti, Russia 42% est. in 2001

Lifan Chongqing, China est. in 1992 206

Magna Aurora, ON, Canada
Magna Steyr Graz, Austria

Mahindra Mumbai, MH, India 405
Reva Bangalore, KA, India est. in 1994 acquired in 2010	SsangYong Pyungtaek, Korea est. in 1954 acquired in 2011 (Changwon, Pyungtaek)

MAN Munich, Germany
MAN Vienna, Austria (Steyr, Vienna)	MAN Pithampur, MP, India est. in 2006	MAN Starachowice, Poland acquired in 1999	Neoplan Stuttgart, Germany acquired in 2000	VW Resende, RJ, Brazil acquired in 2009	Scania Södertälje, Sweden 11.5% acquired in 2006	Sinotruk Jinan, SD, China 25% acquired in 2009

Marcopolo xxx, Brazil
Volare brand

Mastretta Mexico City, Mexico

Mazda Hiroshima, Japan 1166
Auto Alliance Rayong, Thailand 50%	FAW-Mazda Changchun, JL, China	Haima Haikou, HI, China

MCI (Motor Coach Industries) Schaumburg, IL, USA

Michelin Clermont-Ferrand, France est. in 1889

Mitsubishi Tokyo, Japan 1140 (Mizushima, Nagoya)
Mitsubishi xxx, Philippines 51%	Mitsubishi xxx, Thailand	Mitsubishi Normal, IL, USA	China Motor xxx, Taiwan 13.9%	GAC Mitsubishi Changsha, HN, China 50%	Soueast Fuzhou, FJ, China 25%

Mitsuoka Tokyo, Japan

Mobius Nairobi, Kenya est. in 2014

Morgan Malvern Link, England

Moskvitch Moscow, Russia

NICE London, England est. in 2006

Noble Leicester, England

Oshkosh Oshkosh, WI, USA

Paccar Bellevue, WA, USA 121
DAF Eindhoven, The Netherlands acquired in 1996	Kenworth	Peterbilt

Pagani San Cesario sul Panaro, Italy est. in 1988

Perodua Rawang, Malaysia

Peugeot (PSA) Paris, France 3582
Citroën Neuilly sur Seine, France 90% acquired in 1974-1976	DS brand	Faurecia Nanterre, France 71%	Peugeot Trnava, Slovakia	Peugeot xxx, Spain	SEVEL Atessa, Italy	SEVEL Nord Valenciennes, France	TPCA Kolin, Czechia 50% opened in 2005	DPCA Wuhan, HB, China est. in 1992

Pininfarina Turin, Italy

Premier Mumbai, MH, India (Chinchwad, MH)
Zotye license production

Proton Shah Alam, Malaysia 205
Lotus Norwich, England acquired in 1996

Rába Gyõr, Hungary

Renault Boulogne-Billancourt, France 2825 (not including Nissan)
Dacia Bucharest, Romania 99% acquired since 1999 (Pitesi)	Nissan Yokohama, Japan 43.2% acquired in 1999-2002 4632 (Fukuoka, Iwaki, Utsunomiya, Yokohama, Yokosuka)											Oyak-Renault Bursa, Turkey 51% est. in 1971	Renault Novo Mesto, Slovenia	Renault xxx, Spain	Samsung Seoul, Korea 70.1% acquired in 2000 (Busan)	Daimler Stuttgart, Germany 1.6% acquired in 2010	Lada Togliatti, Russia 25% acquired in 2007	Volvo Göteborg, Sweden 20% acquired in 2000
	Datsun brand relaunch in 2013	Infiniti Hong Kong, China brand est. in 1989	Nissan Sunderland, England	Nissan Aguascalientes, Mexico	Nissan Barcelona, Spain	Nissan xxx, Thailand	Nissan Smyrna, TN, USA	Daimler Stuttgart, Germany 1.6% acquired in 2010	Dongfeng Nissan xxx, China 50%	Renault Boulogne-Billancourt, France 15% acquired in 2002	Yulon xxx, Taiwan 25%

Ruf Pfaffenhausen, Germany est. in 1939

SAAB Trollhättan, Sweden relaunch in 2013

Saipa 670 Tehran, Iran
Citroën license production	Kia license production

Saleen Irvine, CA, USA est. in 1983

Schaeffler Herzogenaurach, Germany
Continental Hannover, Germany
VDO Schwalbach, Germany acquired in 2007

Shaanxi Xian, SN, China
Eurostar brand

Shanghai Automotive Industry Corporation (SAIC) Shanghai, China 450 (not including GM, Volkswagen)
Nanjing (NAC) Nanjing, JS, China acquired in 2007			Roewe brand est. in 2006	Shanghai General Motors Shanghai, China 51%	Shanghai Volkswagen Shanghai, China 50%	Sunwin Shanghai, China 50%	Wuling Liuzhou, GX, China 51%	GM Detroit, MI, USA 1.0% acquired in 2010	GM Korea Incheon, Korea 9.7% acquired in 2002
MG Longbridge, England acquired in 2005	Naveco Nanjing, JS, China	Yuejin brand

Shuanghuan Shijiazhuang, HE, China est. in 1988

Sinotruk Jinan, SD, China 106

Sisu Karjaa, Finland

Solaris Owinska, Poland est. in 1994

Spyker Zeewolde, The Netherlands est. in 1999

Subaru Tokyo, Japan 580
SIA Lafayette, IN, USA est. in 1987

Suzuki Hamamatsu, Japan 2726
Maruti New Delhi, India 54% est. in 1981	Pak Suzuki Karachi, Pakistan 73% est. in 1983	Suzuki Esztergom, Hungary est. in 1993	Suzuki	Changan Suzuki Chongqing, China 35%	Changhe Suzuki Jingdezhen, JX, China	GM Korea Incheon, Korea 15% acquired in 2002 (Changwon, Incheon, Kunsan)

Tango Spokane, WA, USA

Tata Pune, MH, India 1061 est. in 1945
Tata Daewoo Kunsan, Korea acquired in 2004	Jaguar Whitley, England est. in 1922, acquired in 2008 (Birmingham, Liverpool)	Land Rover Solihull, England est. in 1948, acquired in 2008	Tata Hispano Zaragoza, Spain acquired in 2005-2010

Tatra Koprivnice, Czechia

Tecnobus Frosinone, Italy

Temsa Adana, Turkey est. in 1968

Tesla San Carlos, CA, USA

Toyota Toyota City, Japan 8050 (including Daihatsu, Hino) (Hekinan, Miyoshi, Tahara, Toyota City)
Daihatsu Osaka, Japan 51.6%	Hino Tokyo, Japan 50.1%	Kuozui xxx, Taiwan	Lexus Nagoya, Japan launched in 1989	Panasonic EV Energy Kosai, Shizuoka, Japan 60% est. in 1996	Scion brand launched in 2003	TMMC Cambridge, ON, Canada	TMMF Valenciennes, France	TMMK Georgetown, KY, USA	TMMTX San Antonio, TX, USA	TMUK Burnaston, England	Toyota xxx, Thailand	TPCA Kolin, Czechia 50% opened in 2005	Aisin Kariya, Aichi, Japan 30%	Denso Aichi, Japan	GAC Toyota Guangzhou, GD, China opened in 2006	Subaru Tokyo, Japan 10% acquired in 2005	Tianjin Toyota Tianjin, China 42% est. in 2000	Yamaha Iwata City, Japan 4.6%

UAZ Ulianovsk , Russia

Ural Miass , Russia

UzAvtosanoat Tashkent, Uzbekistan
GM Uzbekistan Asaka, Uzbekistan 75%

Valmet Uusikaupunki, Finland

Van Hool Lier, Belgium

VDL Valkenswaard, The Netherlands
VDL NedCar Born, The Netherlands acquired in 2013

Volkswagen (VW) Wolfsburg, Germany 8157 (not including Porsche) (Dresden, Emden, Hannover, Osnabrück, Wolfsburg, Zwickau)
Audi Ingolstadt, Germany acquired in 1966 (Ingolstadt, Neckarsulm)				Bentley Crewe, England acquired in 1998	Bugatti Molsheim, France acquired in 1998 relaunch in 2005	MAN Munich, Germany 56% acquired since 2006	Porsche Stuttgart, Germany 127 acquired in 2009-2012 (Stuttgart, Leipzig)	Scania Södertälje, Sweden 72% acquired in 2000-2009	SEAT Barcelona, Spain 100% acquired in 1986-1990 (Barcelona, Martorell)	Škoda Mladá Boleslav, Czechia 100% acquired in 1990-2000	VW Brussels, Belgium	VW xxx, Brazil (Anchieta, SP, Resende, RJ, Taubaté, SP)	VW Puebla, Mexico	VW Poznan, Poland	VW Palmela, Portugal	VW Kaluga, Russia	VW Bratislava, Slovakia	VW Pamplona, Spain	VW Chattanooga, TN, USA opened in 2011	FAW-Volkswagen Changchun, JL, China 30% est. in 1991	Shanghai Volkswagen Shanghai, China 50%	Suzuki Hamamatsu, Japan 19.9% acquired in 2010
Audi Gyõr, Hungary est. in 1993	Ducati Bologna, Italy acquired in 2012	Lamborghini Sant'Agata Bolognese, Italy acquired in 1998	FAW-Volkswagen Changchun, JL, China 10% est. in 1991							Skoda Aurangabad, MH, India (Aurangabad, MH, Chakan, MH) est. in 2001

Volvo Gothenburg, Sweden 316 est. in 1927
Mack Allentown, PA, USA 100% acquired in 2001	Prevost Ste. Claire, QC, Canada 51% acquired in 1995	Renault Trucks Saint Priest, France 100% acquired in 2001	UD Trucks Ageo City, Japan 100% acquired in 2006-2007	Sunwin Shanghai, China 50%	VECV Gurgaon, HR, India 50%

Wanxiang Hangzhou, China
Fisker Irvine, CA, USA acquired in 2014

Wiesmann Dülmen, Germany

Yaxing Yangzhou, JS, China

Yulon xxx, Taiwan
Luxgen brand est. in 2009	China Motor xxx, Taiwan 8%

Yutong Zhengzhou, HA, China est. in 1963

Zotye xxx, ZJ, China

References

Details given here were collected from the respective company web pages, and the following sources:

Auto Motor und Sport (in German)
Der Spiegel (in German)
Die Welt (in German)
Japan Automobile Manufacturers Association
L'Automobile Magazine (in French)
Organisation Internationale des Constructeurs d'Automobiles
The Korea Herald
James P. Womack, Daniel T. Jones, Daniel Roos, The Machine that changed the World: The Story of Lean Production. Harper Perennial, New York, 1991

About ...

Thanks to Ali (Alberzell), Chandresh (), Hajo (Montgomery, AL), Isa (Villingen-Schwenningen), Jason (Taichung), Johannes (Saarbrücken), Kristine (London), Mayumi (Fukuoka), Norio (Tokyo), Peter (North Ferrisburg, VT), and Wolf (Las Vegas, NV) for helpful comments!